Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD. Random Distribution. Untangle NG Firewall. Untangle NG Firewall is a Debian based network gateway with pluggable modules for network applications like spam blocking, web filtering, anti virus, anti spyware, intrusion prevention, VPN, SSL VPN, firewall, and more. Status Active Latest News and Updates. NEW Development Release SUSE Linux Enterprise 1. Beta 1. Rate this project. Frederic Crozat has announced the availability of the first beta release of SUSE Linux Enterprise SLE 1. Linux distribution based on open. SUSE. This will be SUSEs first major release since October 2. SLE 1. 2 was made available We are happy to announce our first beta release for SUSE Linux Enterprise 1. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server SLES, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop SLED, SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension SLE WE, SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability SLE HA. SUSE Linux Enterprise 1. Beta will be our new major release designed for IT Transformation. SLE 1. 5 is developed with both Traditional Infrastructure and Software Defined Infrastructure in mind, thus significant and major changes from the previous SUSE Linux Enterprise 1. Five key objectives for SLE 1. SUSE Linux Enterprise 1. See the release announcement and release notes for detailed information about the new product, known issues and bug reporting procedures. Interested beta testers can download the product available for aarch. SUSEs download server registration required, pkglist. NEW Distribution Release CAINE 9. Rate this project. Nanni Bassetti has announced the release of CAINE Computer Aided INvestigative Environment 9. Ubuntu based Linux distribution offering a forensic environment. A Linux distribution often abbreviated as distro is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package. News and feature lists of Linux and BSD distributions. Arch Linux or Arch r t is a Linux distribution for computers based on x8664 architectures. Arch Linux is composed predominantly of free and open. The projects news page lists the following tools which have been added or upgraded in the distribution along with a screen shot of the distributions default desktop environment CAINE 9. Quantum 6. 4 bit edition released. Added and changed in CAINE 9. Reg. Ripper, Vol. Diff, Safe. Copy, PFF tools, pslistutil, mouseemu, NBTempo. X, Osint Infoga, The Harvester, Tinfoleak regfmount and libregf utils, installed many scripts and programs. SSH server disabled by default see manual page for enabling it. Autopsy 2. 2. 4 fixed srchstrings changed with GNU strings renamed in srchstrings. Many other fixes and software updates. Windows side with incident response and live analysis on Windows systems. Tools include Nirsoft suite with launcher, Win. Audit, MWSnap, Arsenal image mounter, FTK Imager, Hex Editor. System. Back is used as the projects system installer. Download caine. 9. MB, MD5, torrent, pkglist. Also available from OSDisc. NEW Distribution Release anti. X 1. 7Rate this project. The anti. X distribution is a lightweight operating system based on Debian. The projects latest release, anti. X 1. 7, is based on Debian 9. Sys. V init. anti. X comes in four flavours for both 3. X full 4 windows managers Ice. WM default, Fluxbox, JWM and herbstluftwm plus full Libre. Office suite. anti. X base 4 windows managers Ice. WM default, Fluxbox, JWM and herbstluftwm. X core no X, but should support most wireless. X net no X, Just enough to get you connected wired and ready to build. So what is included Lots Explore Based on Debian Stretch, but without systemd and libsystemd. Customised 4. 1. 0. Libre. Office 5. 2. Firefox ESR 5. 2. Claws Mail 3. 1. CUPS for printing. XMMS for audio. GNOME MPlayer for playing video. Additional information can be found in the projects release announcement. Download pkglist anti. X 1. 7x. 64 full. MB, MD5, signature, torrent, anti. X 1. 7x. 64 base. MB, MD5, signature, torrent, anti. X 1. 7x. 64 core. MB, MD5, signature, torrent, anti. X 1. 7x. 64 net. MB, MD5, signature, torrent. Also available from OSDisc. NEW Distribution Release Proxmox 5. Virtual EnvironmentRate this project. Daniela Hsler has announced the availability of a new version of Promox Virtual Environment, a Debian based platform for running virtual appliances and virtual machines. The new version, Proxmox 5. Virtual Environment, is based on Debian 9. Ceph 1. 2. 2 and version 4. Linux kernel. Proxmox Server Solutions Gmb. H, developer of the open source virtualization platform Proxmox Virtual Environment VE, today announced the release of its version 5. Most important enhancement is the software defined storage solution Ceph v. Luminous which is now stable for production and included in the enterprise support agreement. Proxmox VE 5. 1 is based on Debian 9. Linux kernel. Proxmox VE 5. Ceph cluster packages. The virtualization platform integrates Ceph v. Luminous, the long term stable release of the software defined storage solution. Users can now implement Ceph clusters as distributed storage solution in production. Help and support is provided by the Proxmox team via the Proxmox VE subscription service. Ceph is a distributed object store and file system designed to provide excellent performance, reliability and scalability. Further information is provided in the release announcement. Download proxmox ve5. MB, SHA2. 56, torrent, pkglist. NEW Distro. Watch Weekly, Issue 7. This is Distro. Watch post number 1. Distro. Watch Weekly Review Arch. Labs Linux Mnimo. News Solus updates, Manjaro improving on line MS Office integration, Ubuntus changing desktop sessions, Parabola creates Open. RC spin, information on the WPA vulnerability. Tips and tricks Building software with Ravenports. Released last week Ubuntu 1. Dragon. Fly BSD 5. Torrent corner Artix, AUSTRUMI, Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Ubuntu, Ubuntu Budgie, Ubuntu MATE, Ubuntu Studio, Xubuntu. Opinion poll Cross platform ports and packages. New distributions Retrobuntu, Hyperbola GNULinux libre, Multi. Boot. USB Live. Reader comments. Read more in this weeks issue of Distro. Watch Weekly. 2. NEW Distribution Release Lubuntu 1. Rate this project. Simon Quigley has announced the release of Lubuntu 1. Ubuntu packages, but featuring the Lightweight X1. Desktop Environment LXDE which is suitable for older computers Thanks to all the hard work from our contributors, Lubuntu 1. With the code name Artful Aardvark, Lubuntu 1. Lubuntu, with support until July of 2. What has improved since 1. We now ship with Linux kernel 4. LXQt LXDE components have been updated with bug fixes the artwork has received an update the latest release of Audacious, version 3. Hardinfo has been updated to the latest upstream snapshot. Also available is the Lubuntu Next variant, an experimental build of Lubuntu with the LXQt desktop Alongside Lubuntu 1. LXDE, the Lubuntu team is proud to announce an early adopters release of Lubuntu Next, featuring the LXQt 0. Qt 5 port of LXDE. Read the release announcement and release notes for more details. Download SHA2. 56, signature, pkglist lubuntu 1. MB, torrent, lubuntu 1. MB, torrent. Also available from OSDisc. NEW Distribution Release Ubuntu Studio 1. Rate this project. Ross Gammon has announced the release of Ubuntu Studio 1. Ubuntu variant designed for audio, video and graphics professionals. This is routine release with the usual round of software updates and a new experimental feature for improved performance during recordings We are happy to announce the release of our latest version, Ubuntu Studio 1. Artful Aardvark. As a regular version, it will be supported for 9 months. Since its just out, you may experience some issues, so you might want to wait a bit before upgrading. The Ubuntu Studio Controls package has been updated to provide an experimental option to set the CPU governor to performance mode. This is important for recording. At the moment, the setting is not persistent, and needs to be reset at every reboot. BIOS settings may need to be changed for this setting to take effect. Audio removed zynjacku as this software is no longer maintained by the original developer. See the release announcement and release notes for further information. Ubuntu Studion 1. GB live DVD image ubuntustudio 1. MB, SHA2. 56, signature, torrent, pkglist. Also available from OSDisc. NEW Distribution Release Ubuntu Budgie 1. Rate this project. David Mohammed has announced the release of Ubuntu Budgie 1. Linux distribution featuring the simple but elegant Budgie desktop originally developed by the Solus distribution.
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Data Recovery Data Recovery Software RAID Recovery Whats New Get. Data. Back Simple V3. Supports Ex. FAT Our flagship data recovery product now supports the new Microsoft Windows file sytem ex. FAT. Ex. FAT is primarily used for flashcards that are larger than 3. GB. It has been adopted by camera manufacturers as replacement for the older FAT3. Get. Data. Back Simple automatically recognizes the file system of the drive it scans. Version 3 now supports Windows NTFS, FAT1. Data Recovery Software for all Windows File Systems, Recover Deleted Files, Hard Drive Data Recovery, RAID Data Recovery, NAS Recovery, Free Download. FAT1. 6, FAT3. 2, ex. FAT, as well as Linux EXT2, EXT3, and EXT4. More. Boot into Win. PE from a CD or USB stick We have written a plugin for Win. PE which allows you to insert our software into a Win. PE boot medium. More. Get. Data. Back Simple V2. Supports Linux EXT Our flagship data recovery solution for Windows file systems now supports Linux EXT as well. 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The Runtime Live CD is ready to use and preinstalled with all our data recovery tools. The Live CD is an ideal recovery environment as it is Linux based, and therefore less prone to a Windows tendency to manipulate and change Windows formatted disks. This reduces the risk of overwriting data that you want to recover, especially on Windows boot disks C. The Live CD provides access to network resources and the Internet. More. From the Blog. What Product Do I Need December 1. 1th, 2. You have so many products, what product do I need to recover my data Let us start with the basic questions, is the drive a single drive or do you have an array of drivesRuntime Error In Sap 2. FIX 5 Star Rating. Runtime Error In Sap. Runtime Error In Sap The site also predicts By 2. Internet traffic up from 3. Steer clear my current bandwidth speeds it is not going to AIS will want to ramp up their 3. G roll out. or even better, migrate directly using a 4. G mix. Thats the sort of forward thinking I want to notice. Unfortunately, the demand isnt quite here still. Runtime Error In Sap Start up First go to run in your start recipe. Then type msconfig. This will help you get to a webpage or box. Find the services tab and click on it. When Here You should click the box that says Hide all Microsoft Support. You do NOT want to remove one with their at new because pc might not start in place. After You checked that, find all of the services previously white area you will not want and uncheck them. Also do this for start off up tab next for the one your on. Incredibly definitely help your computer run faster at start Speed Up Compurt Runtime Error In Sap GSRoot. Graphi. Soft for the Archi. CAD device. This file is vital for the program offers you to run, as it handles a range of significant functions. However, there are several known error reports that are surfacing this particular particular file, due to damage or some problems have arisen with the different settings that preventing the Archi. CAD program from loading properly. You need to resolve issues surrounding this file to exterminate the error messages. This tutorial is the steps the way to correct every one of these errors. Ubuntu operating system Wikipedia. Ubuntu. Screenshot of Ubuntu Desktop 1. Artful AardvarkDeveloper. Canonical Ltd., Ubuntu community. OS family. Linux. Working state. Current. Source model. Open source with some exceptions1Initial release. October 2. 00. 4 1. Latest release. Ubuntu 1. Artful Aardvark 1. October 2. 01. 7 9 days ago 2. Marketing target. Personal computers, servers, Io. TAvailable in. More than 5. Lo. Cos. Update method. You should also keep an eye out for other feedback in your review that downplays your contributions and performance. For example, a successful project you lead being. APT Software Updater, GNOME SoftwarePackage managerdpkg, Snappy. Platforms. I3. 86, IA 3. AMD6. 4 ARMhf ARMv. VFPv. 3 D1. 6, ARM6. Power, ppc. 64le s. Kernel type. Monolithic LinuxUserland. GNUDefault user interface. GNOME, Ubuntu Unity in older versions and all LTSLicense. Free software licensesmainly GPLOfficial websitewww. Ubuntu uu BUUN too,3 stylized as ubuntu is an open source operating system for computers. It is a Linux distribution based on the Debian architecture. It is usually run on personal computers, and is also popular on network servers, usually running the Ubuntu Server variant, with enterprise class features. Ubuntu runs on the most popular architectures, including Intel, AMD, and ARM based machines. Ubuntu is also available for tablets and smartphones, with the Ubuntu Touch edition. Ubuntu is published by Canonical Ltd, who offer commercial support. 4 It is based on free software and named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu literally, human ness, which Canonical Ltd. I am what I am because of who we all are. 5Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, socalled clouds,6 as it is the most popular server Linux distribution. Development of Ubuntu is led by UK based Canonical Ltd., a company founded by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other services related to Ubuntu. 78 The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the principles of open source software development people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it. 91. History and development processeditUbuntu is built on Debians architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions. 1. Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months,3 and each release receives free support for nine months eighteen months prior to 1. The first release was in October 2. Starting with Ubuntu 6. LTS. 3 Long term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the Ubuntu stack cloud computing infrastructure. 8 The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server since Ubuntu 1. LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well. 1. LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date. 1. Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debians unstable branch. Both distributions use Debians debpackage format and package management tools e. APT and Ubuntu Software. Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu. 1. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,1. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible. 2. Before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu specific modifications. One month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together. Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2. 00. 5, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US1. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project. 2. On 1. 2 March 2. 00. Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2. 2. Since Ubuntu 1. 7. GNOME 3 is the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop,2. Unity is still the default in older versions,2. LTS versions. However, a community driven fork of Unity 8, called Yunit, has been created to continue the development of Unity. 2. Shuttleworth wrote on 8 April 2. We will invest in Ubuntu GNOME with the intent of delivering a fantastic all GNOME desktop. Were helping the Ubuntu GNOME team, not creating something different or competitive with that effort. While I am passionate about the design ideas in Unity, and hope GNOME may be more open to them now, I think we should respect the GNOME design leadership by delivering GNOME the way GNOME wants it delivered. Our role in that, as usual, will be to make sure that upgrades, integration, security, performance and the full experience are fantastic. 2. Shuttleworth also mentioned that Canonical will cease development for Ubuntu Phone, Tablet, and convergence. 2. FeatureseditA default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes Libre. Office, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission, and several lightweight games such as Sudoku and chess. 3. Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software Center as well as any other APT based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are still accessible in the repositories, installable with the built in Ubuntu Software Center or by any other APT based package management tool and Snappy. Ubuntu operates under the GNU General Public License GPL and all of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu installs some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component. 3. SecurityeditUbuntus goal is to be secure out of the box. By default, the users programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. 3. Policy. Kit is also being widely implemented into the desktop. Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking. 3. A built in firewall allows end users who install network servers to control access. A GUI GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall is available to configure it. 3. Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software. 3. These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 1 in 3. Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption3. Private directories. 3. Installationedit. Ubuntu running on the Nexus S, a smartphone that ran Android prior to Ubuntu. The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 1. LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz dual core processor, 2 GB of RAM and 2. GB of free disk space is recommended. 4. For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Since version 1. 2. Ubuntu supports the ARM architecture. 24. Ubuntu is also available on Power,24. Power. PC architecture was at one point unofficial supported,4. Power Architecture CPUs POWER8 are supported. Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image. DVD and booted, or run via UNetbootin directly from a USB drive making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium. Running Ubuntu in this way is typically slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use an installer called Ubiquity to install Ubuntu once booted into the live environment. 5. Classification of different types of test tools according to the test process activities The tools are grouped by the testing activities or areas that are supported. Types of testing, with definitions, Black box testing Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are based on requirements and. Defect Life Cycle Software Quality Control Software Defect Bug Definition, Explanation, Classification, Details DEFINITION A Software Defect Bug is a condition. What are the different types of software testing tools Classification of different types of test tools according to the test process activities The tools are grouped by the testing activities or areas that are supported by a set of tools, for example, tools that support management activities, tools to support static testing, etc. It is not required to have a one to one relationship between a type of tool described here and a tool offered by a commercial tool vendor or an open source tool. Some tools perform a very specific and limited function sometimes called a point solution, but many of the commercial tools provide support for many different functions. For example a test management tool may provide support for managing testing progress monitoring, configuration management of testware, incident management, and requirements management and traceability. Similarly, another tool may provide both coverage measurement and test design support. There are few things that people are good at in comparison to the computers. For example, when you see your friend in an unexpected place, like a shopping mall, you can immediately recognize their face. This is because people are very good at pattern recognition, but its not easy to write software that can recognize a face. On the other hand there are things that computers can do much better or more quickly than people can do. For example, to add up 2. This is not easy for most people to do, there are chances that you make some mistakes even if the numbers are written down. A computer does this accurately and very quickly. Consider another example, if people are asked to do exactly the same work over and over, it will be monotonous and tedious they soon get bored and then start making mistakes. So, the idea is to use computers to do things that they are really good at. Tool support is very useful for repetitive tasks the computer doesnt get bored and will be able to exactly repeat what was done before and that too without any mistakes. Since the tool will be fast, this can make those activities much more efficient and more reliable. A tool that measures some aspect of software may have few unexpected side effects also on that software. Like, for example, a tool that measures timings for performance testing needs to interact very closely with that software in order to measure it. A performance tool will set a start time and a stop time for a given transaction in order to measure the response time. But by taking that measurement, that is storing the time at those two points, could actually make the whole transaction take slightly longer than it would do if the tool was not measuring the response time. Of course, the extra time is very small, but it is still there. This effect is called the probe effect. Other example of the probe effect is when a debugging tool tries to find a particular defect. If the code is run with the debugger, then the bug disappears it only re appears when the debugger is turned off, hence making it very difficult to find. These are sometimes known as Heizenbugs after Heizenbergs uncertainty principle. Following are the classification of different types of test tools according to the test process activities. The D written after the types of tool indicates that these tools are mostly used by the developers. The various types of test tools according to the test process activities are Tool support for management of testing and tests Test management tools. Requirements management tools. Incident management tools. Configuration management tools. Tool support for static testing Review process support tools. Static analysis tools DModelling tools DTool support for test specification Test design tools. Test data preparation tools. Tool support for test execution and logging Test execution tools. Test harness Unit test framework tools DTest comparators. Coverage measurement tools DSecurity tools. Tools support for performance and monitoring Dynamic analysis tools DPerformance testing, Load testing and stress testing tools. Monitoring tools. Types of Software testing and definitions of testing terms Software Testing Help. We, as testers are aware of the various types of Software Testing such as Functional Testing, Non Functional Testing, Automation Testing, Agile Testing and their sub types etc. Each of us would have come across several types of testing in our testing journey. We might have heard some and we might have worked on some, but not everyone has knowledge about all the testing types. Each type of testing has its own features, advantages, and disadvantages as well. However, in this article, I have covered mostly each and every type of software testing which we usually use in our day to day testing life. Lets go and have a look at them Software Testing Types. Given below are few types of Software Testing. 1 Alpha Testing. It is the most common type of testing used in software industry. The objective of this testing is to identify all possible issues or defects before releasing it into the market or to the user. Alpha testing is carried out at the end of the software development phase but before the Beta Testing. Still, minor design changes may be made as a result of such testing. Alpha testing is conducted at the developers site. In house virtual user environment can be created for this type of testing. image credit krify. Acceptance Testing. An acceptance test is performed by the client and verifies whether the end to end the flow of the system is as per the business requirements or not and if it is as per the needs of the end user. Client accepts the software only when all the features and functionalities work as expected. It is the last phase of the testing, after which the software goes into production. This is also called as User Acceptance Testing UAT. 3 Ad hoc Testing. The name itself suggests that this testing is performed on ad hoc basis i. The objective of this testing is to find the defects and break the application by executing any flow of the application or any random functionality. Ad hoc testing is an informal way of finding defects and can be performed by anyone in the project. It is difficult to identify defects without test case but sometimes it is possible that defects found during ad hoc testing might not have been identified using existing test cases. 4 Accessibility Testing. The aim of accessibility testing is to determine whether the software or application is accessible for disabled people or not. Here disability means deaf, color blind, mentally disabled, blind, old age and other disabled groups. Various checks are performed such as font size for visually disabled, color and contrast for color blindness etc. 5 Beta Testing. It is a formal type of software testing which is carried out by the customer. It is performed in Real Environment before releasing the product into the market for the actual end users. Beta testing is carried to ensure that there are no major failures in the software or product and it satisfies the business requirements from an end user perspective. Beta testing is successful when the customer accepts the software. Usually, this testing is typically done by end users or others. It is the final testing done before releasing an application for commercial purpose. Usually, the Beta version of the software or product released is limited to a certain number of users in a specific area. So end user actually uses the software and shares the feedback to the company. Company then takes necessary action before releasing the software to the worldwide. 6 Back end Testing. Whenever an input or data is entered on front end application, it stores in the database and the testing of such database is known as Database Testing or Backend testing. There are different databases like SQL Server, My. SQL, and Oracle etc. Database testing involves testing of table structure, schema, stored procedure, data structure and so on. In back end testing GUI is not involved, testers are directly connected to the database with proper access and testers can easily verify data by running few queries on the database. There can be issues identified like data loss, deadlock, data corruption etc during this back end testing and these issues are critical to fixing before system goes live into the production environment7 Browser Compatibility Testing. It is a subtype of Compatibility Testingwhich is explained below and is performed by the testing team. Browser Compatibility Testing is performed for web applications and it ensures that the software can run with the combination of different browser and operating system. This type of testing also validates whether web application runs on all versions of all browsers or not. 8 Backward Compatibility Testing. It is a type of testing which validates whether the newly developed software or updated software works well with older version of the environment or not. Backward Compatibility Testing checks whether the new version of the software works properly with file format created by older version of the software it also works well with data tables, data files, data structure created by older version of that software. If any of the software is updated then it should work well on top of the previous version of that software. 9 Black Box Testing. Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are based on the requirements and functionality. Detailed information about the advantages, disadvantages, and types of Black box testing can be seen here. 1. Boundary Value Testing. This type of testing checks the behavior of the application at boundary level. Testing is performed for checking if defects exist at boundary values. Boundary value testing is used for testing a different range of numbers. There is an upper and lower boundary for each range and testing is performed on these boundary values. If testing requires test range of numbers from 1 to 5. Boundary Value Testing is performed on values at 0, 1, 2, 4. Branch Testing. It is a type of white box testing and is carried out during unit testing. Branch Testing, the name itself suggests that the code is tested thoroughly by traversing at every branch. 1. Comparison Testing. Comparison of a products strength and weaknesses with its previous versions or other similar products is termed as Comparison Testing. 1. Compatibility Testing. It is a testing type in which it validates how software behaves and runs in a different environment, web servers, hardware, and network environment. Compatibility testing ensures that software can run on a different configuration, different database, different browsers and their versions. Compatibility testing is performed by the testing team. 1. Component Testing. It is mostly performed by developers after the completion of unit testing. Component Testing involves testing of multiple functionalities as a single code and its objective is to identify if any defect exists after connecting those multiple functionalities with each other. 1. End to End Testing. Similar to system testing, End to end testing involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate. 1. Equivalence Partitioning. It is a testing technique and a type of Black Box Testing. During this equivalence partitioning, a set of group is selected and few values or numbers are picked up for testing. It is understood that all values from that group generate the same output. The aim of this testing is to remove redundant test cases within a specific group which generates the same output but not any defect. Suppose, application accepts values between 1. So the Equivalence Partitioning for this testing is 1. Example Testing. It means real time testing. Example testing includes the real time scenario, it also involves the scenarios based on the experience of the testers. 1. Exploratory Testing. Exploratory Testing is an informal testing performed by the testing team. The objective of this testing is to explore the application and looking for defects that exist in the application. Sometimes it may happen that during this testing major defect discovered can even cause system failure. During exploratory testing, it is advisable to keep a track of what flow you have tested and what activity you did before the start of the specific flow. An exploratory testing technique is performed without documentation and test cases. 2. Error number 0x. Windows Update Solution. Ive encounter Error number 0x. Windows Update on one of my PC. If you have 0x. 80. After googling a while i found that Error number 0x. Windows Update is caused by some of the dll registration problem. To solve the Error number 0x. Windows Update follow the steps below Click on Start Runand paste the command below and enterSYSTEMROOTSYSTEM3. REGSVR3. 2. EXE SYSTEMROOTSYSTEM3. WUAUENG. DLLThis line use to reregistering WUAUENG. DLL in window. You are done Launch your windows update again, you should be able to perform update now. Technorati Tags windows update, windows update error, windows update error 0x. Related posts Tags 0x. Ms Windows, ms windows update error, win update error, win xp, windows update, windows update error, windows update error 0x. Share this with your friends. This Game Tests Your Ability to Spot Fake News. Now more than ever its important to be able to tell when youre reading Fake. News. However, determining whether something is fake or real isnt always easy. Think you know your stuff Give Factitious a try. The web game displays actual news stories that have been published around the web, along with source information. Your job is to determine whether what youre reading is real or fakeand its not as easy as it looks. Most of the stories I was shown while I played were things I had already seen pop up on Facebook. I like to consider myself pretty good at being able to tell whether a story is bogus or not, and I still didnt get them all right. The game was made by a team at American University as a way to show people how to detect fake news. Playing it works a lot like Tinder. Youre shown one story at a time and have to pick yes or no after reading it. Once you choose, you find out the answer and some tips for how you could have chosen correctly presuming you didnt. Ive encounter Error number 0x80070424 in Windows Update on one of my PC. If you have 0x80070424 i guess you will not able to perform any windows update including. Its a fun way to spend a few minutes, and you or the cough family member you send this to might learn something in the process. Some tips from the Factitious team Always check the source of an article and think about what the purpose of it is, and look for contact information on the site. If theres no contact info on the site then that should be a red flag. You can also use sites like Snopes, factcheck. Washington Post Fact Checker to see if a particular story has been verified. Check out their full list of tips here. Information security Wikipedia. Information security, sometimes shortened to Info. Sec, is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take e. The chief area of concern for the field of information security is the balanced protection of the Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability of data, also known as the CIA Triad, while maintaining a focus on efficient policy implementation and no major hampering of organization productivity. 2 To standardize this discipline, academics and professionals collaborate and seek to set basic guidelines and policies on password, antivirus software, firewall, encryption software, legal liability and useradministrator training standards. 3OvervieweditIT security. Sometimes referred to as computer security, information technology security IT security is information security applied to technology most often some form of computer system. It is worthwhile to note that a computer does not necessarily mean a home desktop. A computer is any device with a processor and some memory. Such devices can range from non networked standalone devices as simple as calculators, to networked mobile computing devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. IT security specialists are almost always found in any major enterpriseestablishment due to the nature and value of the data within larger businesses. They are responsible for keeping all of the technology within the company secure from malicious cyber attacks that often attempt to breach into critical private information or gain control of the internal systems. Job Interview Practice Test Why Do You Want This Job Answer this job interview question to determine if you are prepared for a successful job interview. Information assurance. The act of providing trust of the information, that the Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability CIA of the information are not violated, e. These issues include, but are not limited to natural disasters, computerserver malfunction or physical theft. Since most information is stored on computers in our modern era, information assurance is typically dealt with by IT security specialists. A common method of providing information assurance is to have an off site backup of the data in case one of the mentioned issues arise. ThreatseditInformation security threats come in many different forms. Some of the most common threats today are software attacks, theft of intellectual property, identity theft, theft of equipment or information, sabotage, and information extortion. Most people have experienced software attacks of some sort. Viruses,4worms, phishing attacks, and Trojan horses are a few common examples of software attacks. The theft of intellectual property has also been an extensive issue for many businesses in the IT field. Identity theft is the attempt to act as someone else usually to obtain that persons personal information or to take advantage of their access to vital information. Theft of equipment or information is becoming more prevalent today due to the fact that most devices today are mobile. citation neededCell phones are prone to theft and have also become far more desirable as the amount of data capacity increases. Sabotage usually consists of the destruction of an organizations website in an attempt to cause loss of confidence on the part of its customers. Information extortion consists of theft of a companys property or information as an attempt to receive a payment in exchange for returning the information or property back to its owner, as with ransomware. There are many ways to help protect yourself from some of these attacks but one of the most functional precautions is user carefulness. Governments, military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research and financial status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks to other computers. Should confidential information about a business customers or finances or new product line fall into the hands of a competitor or a black hat hacker, a business and its customers could suffer widespread, irreparable financial loss, as well as damage to the companys reputation. From a business perspective, information security must be balanced against cost the Gordon Loeb Model provides a mathematical economic approach for addressing this concern. 5For the individual, information security has a significant effect on privacy, which is viewed very differently in various cultures. The field of information security has grown and evolved significantly in recent years. It offers many areas for specialization, including securing networks and allied infrastructure, securing applications and databases, security testing, information systems auditing, business continuity planning, electronic record discovery, and digital forensics. Responses to threatseditPossible responses to a security threat or risk are 6reducemitigate implement safeguards and countermeasures to eliminate vulnerabilities or block threatsassigntransfer place the cost of the threat onto another entity or organization such as purchasing insurance or outsourcingaccept evaluate if cost of countermeasure outweighs the possible cost of loss due to threat, do nothing. HistoryeditSince the early days of communication, diplomats and military commanders understood that it was necessary to provide some mechanism to protect the confidentiality of correspondence and to have some means of detecting tampering. Julius Caesar is credited with the invention of the Caesar cipher c. B. C., which was created in order to prevent his secret messages from being read should a message fall into the wrong hands, but for the most part protection was achieved through the application of procedural handling controls. 78 Sensitive information was marked up to indicate that it should be protected and transported by trusted persons, guarded and stored in a secure environment or strong box. As postal services expanded, governments created official organizations to intercept, decipher, read and reseal letters e. UK Secret Office and Deciphering Branch in 1. In the mid 1. 9th century more complex classification systems were developed to allow governments to manage their information according to the degree of sensitivity. The British Government codified this, to some extent, with the publication of the Official Secrets Act in 1. By the time of the First World War, multi tier classification systems were used to communicate information to and from various fronts, which encouraged greater use of code making and breaking sections in diplomatic and military headquarters. In the United Kingdom this led to the creation of the Government Code and Cypher School in 1. Encoding became more sophisticated between the wars as machines were employed to scramble and unscramble information. The volume of information shared by the Allied countries during the Second World War necessitated formal alignment of classification systems and procedural controls. An arcane range of markings evolved to indicate who could handle documents usually officers rather than men and where they should be stored as increasingly complex safes and storage facilities were developed. The Enigma Machine which was employed by the Germans to encrypt the data of warfare and successfully decrypted by Alan Turing can be regarded as a striking example of creating and using secured information. Procedures evolved to ensure documents were destroyed properly and it was the failure to follow these procedures which led to some of the greatest intelligence coups of the war e. U 5. 70. The end of the 2. The availability of smaller, more powerful and less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within the reach of small business and the home user. These computers quickly became interconnected through the Internet. The rapid growth and widespread use of electronic data processing and electronic business conducted through the Internet, along with numerous occurrences of international terrorism, fueled the need for better methods of protecting the computers and the information they store, process and transmit. Office 3. 65 Germany Office 3. Platform Service Description Topic Last Modified 2. Office 3. 65 Germany is a differentiated option from the Office 3. Europe. It helps address the needs of the most regulated customers in Germany, the European Union EU, and the European Free Trade Association EFTA by delivering our industry leading productivity services for digital work, from German data centers, with data residency in Germany and strict data access and control measures via a unique data trustee model governed under German law. The data trustee, T Systems International, an independent German company and subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom, controls physical and logical access to customer data. Customer data cannot be accessed without approval from or supervision by the data trustee, which is governed by German law. Due to the unique nature of Office 3. Germany, there are some features that are have not yet been enabled. You will see the services come closer to full feature parity with global services over time. For an overview of what is included and how to get support, see Learn about Office 3. Germany. Each Office 3. Germany plan includes a number of individual services, such as Exchange Online and Share. Point Online. The following table shows the services that are available in each Office 3. Service. Office 3. Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Education A1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E3. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Office 3. 65 Platform 1. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Exchange Online. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Share. Point Online. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. One. Drive for Business. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Skype for Business Online. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Office Online. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Office 3. Pro. Plus. 2No. No. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. Project Online 3. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Power BI 3. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Visio Online. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yammer Enterprise. NANANANANANANANAAzure Information Protection. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. The Security Compliance Center is available for Office 3. Germany. For more information and a list of features, see Office 3. Security Compliance Center. Office 3. 65 Germany adheres to the cloud security and compliance standards of Office 3. Office 3. 65 offers a comprehensive set of certifications, independently assessed by accredited auditors as part of Service Organization Controls SOC, International Organization for Standardization ISO, and audits. The certifications include ISO 2. SOC 1 and 2. The additional data trustee controls in Office 3. Germany will be evaluated by independent assessors as part of our annual ISO and SOC audits. The following table lists all platform features that are available across. Office 3. 65 Germany plans. For specific information about pricing and features in the plans for various business types, see Office 3. Germany plans. Feature. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Education A1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E3. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Office 3. 65 Administration Features. Administer Office 3. Office 3. 65 admin center or Windows Power. Shell. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Protect content by using Azure Information Protection. No. 2No. 2No. 2No. No. 2No. 9No. 9No. Office 3. 65 Suite Features. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Education A1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E3. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Microsoft Bookings. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft Flow. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft Forms. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft My. Analytics. 9No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft Planner. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft Power. Apps. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft Staff. Hub. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Microsoft Teams. No. 9No. No. 9No. No. 9No. 9No. 9No. Office Delve. 9No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Office 3. Groups. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Office 3. 65 Video. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Sway. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. User Account Management. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Cloud identity, Federated identity, or Multi factor authentication. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Office 3. 65 desktop setup. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Bulk upload Using. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Directory Sync tool. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Exchange simple cutover migration. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Delete accounts and reset user passwords from Office 3. Windows Power. Shell. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes Yes Yes Yes. Yes Users can change their own password. Yes Yes. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. Yes Manage licenses. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes 6. Yes 6. Yes 6. Yes. Yes 6. Manage security groups from Office 3. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Multiple administrator roles available. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Allow a partner to administer Office 3. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Azure Active Directory services. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Create app passwords. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Domains. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Education A1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E3. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Add custom 2nd level domains, like fourthcoffee. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Add custom 3rd level domains, like marketing. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Add up to 9. 00 custom domains. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. DNS records managed by Office 3. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. DNS records managed at your DNS hosting provider partial redelegationYes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Use name. Skype for Business Online. Yes Yes. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. Yes Use name. sharepoint. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Use a custom domain name for your team site. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Host a public website with a different provider. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Use a different provider for email and IMYes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Domain ownership verification required for custom domains. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Automated domain purchase and domain verification available for domains purchased through Go Daddy. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Service Health and Continuity. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Education A1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E3. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Status information available on the Service health or Service status page. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Status of individual alerts available on the Office 3. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Service health RSS feed. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Reports. Office 3. Germany Business Essentials. Office 3. 65 Germany Business. Office 3. 65 Germany Business Premium. Office 3. 65 Germany Education A1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E1. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E3. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise E4. Office 3. 65 Germany Enterprise K1. Active and inactive mailboxes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. New and deleted mailboxes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. New and deleted groups. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Mailbox usage. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Types of mailbox connections. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Sent and received mail. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Top senders and recipients. Yes Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Spam and malware detections. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Top malware for mail. Best Free Shopping Carts Software Store' title='Best Free Shopping Carts Software Store' />Paypal Shopping Cart Small Store Website Templates.Name Peninsula. 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Norton Internet Security 2012 Trial Reset Dutch Version Of The Killing . Nokia provides its customers all over the world with excellent customer care services so if you have any questions regarding their perks and services or anything about your Nokia handset, call then using Nokia Customer Care numbers.Bahubali First Look Video Free Download . Outlast 2 Free Download Full PC Game. Outlast 2 Free Download Full Version RG Mechanics Repack PC Game In Direct Download Links. This Game Is Cracked And Highly. Torrentz will always love you. Farewell. 20032016 Torrentz. Now that you know what lucid dreaming is, and you know the benefits and risks, its time to give it a solid try. Get ready, oneironautswere about to take off. The Opera blog. Opera 4. Leading the list is the search pop up tool with currency converter, now enriched with unit and time zone converters, making it simple and easy to translate unfamiliar measurements on the spot. Moreover, with the new snapshot tool, Opera lets you capture favorite parts of the. Read more. Die Griffins sind wieder da Erkunde Quahog auf eigene Faust und erlebe allerlei Abenteuer mit Stewie, Peter und Co.E Book Wikipedia.Speichermedium. E Book.Tablet Computer zwischen Bchern mit dargestelltem E Book.Allgemeines. Ursprung.Markteinfhrung. 19.Vorgnger. Buch. E Book deutsch E Buch, auch Digitalbuch englisch e book, ebook, e.Book steht fr ein elektronisches Buch engl.Bcher in digitaler Form, die auf E Book Readern oder mit spezieller Software auf Personal Computern, Tablet Computern oder Smartphones gelesen werden knnen.Mit der Verbreitung von E Book Readern werden E Books zunehmend in einem Format angeboten, das sich automatisch auf unterschiedliche Bildschirmgren anpasst reflowable content.E Books mit festem Seitenlayout werden vor allem in den Bereichen Kinderbcher, Sachbcher und Lehrbcher mit komplexem Layout, Animationen oder interaktiven Funktionen eingesetzt.Is your computer keeping you up late f.Vollversion Photoshop CS2.Deutsch. Photoshop CS2 kostenlos.Adobe bietet die nicht mehr im Handel erhltliche Vollversion Photoshop CS2 zum Download an.Publisher Microsoft Publisher Software Kostenlos Runterladen' title='Publisher Microsoft Publisher Software Kostenlos Runterladen' />Bis vor wenigen Jahren kam dafr noch das PDF Format zum Einsatz.Dieses wurde aber mittlerweile fast vollstndig vom EPUB Standard fr festes Seitenlayout bzw.EPUB basierenden Apple Multi Touch Format abgelst.E Books mit festem Seitenlayout im EPUB Format ermglichen Funktionen wie.Zoom auf Vollformat.Vollformatdarstellung.Integrierte Audio und Video Dateien.Animationen. Interaktive Funktionen.Eingebettete Vorlesefunktionen.E Books mit anpassbarer Bildschirmdarstellung reflowable contentBearbeiten Quelltext bearbeitenDie meisten heute produzierten E Books werden im EPUB Format bzw.Varianten erstellt, die sich automatisch an verschiedene Bildschirmgren anpassen.EPUB selbst baut auf den Web Standards HTML, CSS und SVG auf.Ein E Book in EPUB Format entspricht daher im Grundsatz einer speziell formatierten Website.Webdesigns an die unterschiedlichen Gren und Auflsungen von Bildschirmen anpassen, ist dies damit auch fr E Books in EPUB Format der Fall.Sie knnen auf Smartphones, Tablets oder Computern gleichermaen benutzt werden.In den Anfngen des E Books wurden diese noch vielfach direkt auf der Basis des Layouts fr Druckausgaben im PDF Format erstellt.Das fr ein bestimmtes Buchformat entworfene Seitenlayout wird dabei direkt in eine digitale Darstellung berfhrt.Dies erzeugt eine digitale Kopie des Druckformats.Die Seitenansicht der resultierenden PDF Datei kann zwar vergrert oder verkleinert werden, um beispielsweise komplett auf einem Tablet oder Smartphone Bildschirm dargestellt zu werden.Dabei werden allerdings auch die Inhalte proportional verkleinert, wodurch diese nicht mehr lesbar sind.Vor der Einfhrung von E Book Readern, Tablets und Smartphones war dies kein Problem, da E Books primr auf groen Computerbildschirmen gelesen wurden.Fr die Produktion neuer E Books spielt das PDF Format aber heute keine Rolle mehr.Sein Einsatz in Zusammenhang mit E Books beschrnkt sich in der Hauptsache auf die digitale Archivierung von Druckausgaben, die nicht als E Book verfgbar sind.Die digitale Verfgbarkeit von Bchern war frhzeitig Diskussionsgegenstand der sich abzeichnenden Informationsgesellschaft.Die Verfgbarkeit gehrte auch zur ursprnglichen Konzeption des World Wide Web und seiner Auszeichnungssprache HTML, wofr bestimmte META Angaben vorgesehen waren, die eine sequentielle Abfolge von HTML Dateien kennzeichnen sollten.Diese blieben jedoch von den Entwicklern der Webbrowser unbercksichtigt.Das zugrundeliegende Konzept Hypertext war zunchst rein dokumentenorientiert und schien dem auf Sequenz und Dramaturgie ausgerichteten Buch allzu sehr gegenlufig.Entsprechend handelt es sich bei E Books im Format HTML meist um eine einzige groe Datei, welche den kompletten Inhalt enthlt.Die Navigationsmglichkeiten darin bleiben meist auf die Scroll Leiste oder simple Kapitelanwahl beschrnkt.Bereits seit 1. 97.Project Gutenberg, welches sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, rechtefreie Literatur in digitaler Form kostenlos anzubieten.Dabei ging es zunchst nur um das Anbieten in unstrukturiertem Textformat, weswegen man kaum von E Books sprechen konnte.Erst in jngster Zeit halten dort auch typische E Book Formate wie EPUB oder Mobipocket Einzug. 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Im deutschsprachigen Projekt Gutenberg DE werden einige Texte zudem auch als Handybuch zur Verfgung gestellt.Im Jahr 1. 98. 8 wurde das erste kommerzielle elektronische Buch, das sich vollstndig am Computerbildschirm lesen lie, verffentlicht.Es war der Roman Mona Lisa Overdrive von William Gibson.Mitte bis Ende der 1.Jahre riefen die denkbaren Einsparungen fr Herstellung und Vertrieb von gedruckten Bchern viele Investoren auf den Plan.Der Begriff E Book wurde vorbergehend zum Synonym fr portierbare Druckdateien.Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt zwischen dem Institut fr Technische Mechanik der Universitt Karlsruhe TH und IBM Deutschland setzte schon frh Vorlesungsskripte digital um.Ein anderes frhes Beispiel war im Jahr 1.Anleitung der Spiele Ultima Underworld The Stygian Abyss und Ultima Underworld 2 Labyrinth of Worlds als PDF Datei auf der Kompendiums Compact Disc.Auf der CD war die Anleitung fr die zwei Computerspiele und die DOS Version des Acrobat Readers enthalten.Mit diesem Programm konnte man die Anleitung betrachten, darin suchen, blttern und sie ausdrucken.Die Druckindustrie sah in den E Books keine ernsthafte Gefahr fr das echte Buch als Kulturtrgermedium fr Literatur, weil beim Printmedium Buch materielle Eigenschaften eine wichtige Rolle spielen.Gleichzeitig entwickelten sich auf Bcher spezialisierte Online Vertriebsfirmen wie Amazon.Sie rationalisierten Logistik und Bestellwesen radikal und erreichten damit in kurzer Zeit eine marktbeherrschende Stellung.Dadurch bescherten sie dem gedruckten Buch nie gekannte Auflagen.In den folgenden Jahren blieben E Books wirtschaftlich ein Nischenmarkt.Es bildete sich eine Szene heraus, in der zeitgenssische Literatur gescannt, via OCR in Texte gewandelt, mehrfach korrekturgelesen, untereinander ausgetauscht und schlielich ausgedruckt oder auf PDAs gelesen wurde meist ohne Einverstndnis der Rechteinhaber.Da oft nur vergriffene oder mindestens ein Jahr alte Bcher digitalisiert wurden, gingen die Rechteinhaber wegen des geringen finanziellen Verlustes nicht aktiv dagegen vor.Mitte der 1. 99. 0er Jahre brachte Bertelsmann mit dem BEE Book Nachschlagewerke in einer mit Multimediainhalten angereichten Fassung auf CD ROM heraus.Weitere Versuche zum kommerziellen Vertrieb von E Books kamen 1.New Economy auf. Parallel dazu etablierte sich das Untergrundforum e.Bookz, welches bis 2.Mehrere Verlage experimentierten mit E Books, unter anderem OReilly mit ihren Bookshelf CDs.Diese umfassten ein regulres Buch und auf CD ROM sieben E Books zu einem entsprechenden Thema im HTML Format.Eine Marktstellung erreichten E Books als digitale Buchkopien auf Basis des Portable Document Format PDF bei Fachpublikationen.Dort spielen Funktionen wie Volltextsuche eine wichtigere Rolle als buchtypische Kriterien wie Aussehen, Anfhlen, Dramaturgie usw.Daher werden vor allem Fachbcher in digitaler Form verkauft.Die Fachbuchverlage produzieren digitale Publikationen, die Auswahl wchst stndig.Auf der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2.Fachbcher als E Books erhltlich sind.Kurz vor der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2.Random House und Penguin exponentiell wachsende E Book Umstze.Auch deutsche Publikumsverlage wie Droemer Knaur kndigten E Books an, obwohl Lesegerte noch nicht flchendeckend zu haben waren.Themenbereiche sind vor allem Wirtschaft, Recht, ComputerEDV, MedizinGesundheit, PsychologiePdagogik und PolitikZeitgeschichte.Jeden Monat kommen auf diese Weise etwa 1.Titel auf den deutschen Buchmarkt.In der ersten Jahreshlfte 2.Gf. K rund 6. 5. 0.Bcher heruntergeladen am hufigsten wie auch bei gedruckten Ausgaben Belletristik und Ratgeber.Sie kosteten zwischen 1,9.Euro durchschnittlich 1.Euro. Im Jahr 2. 01.Umsatz bei E Books laut Gf.K im Vergleich zum Vorjahreszeitraum um 7.Prozent an. Damit erreichten E Books erstmals einen Anteil von etwa einem Prozent des Gesamtumsatzes der Buchindustrie.Im E Book Bereich entstehen vermehrt unabhngige Verlage die sich als unabhngig von groen Konzernen halten.Autoren die bei solchen Verlagen oder auch im Selbstverlag publizieren werden Indie Autoren genannt.Die Studie eines Wirtschaftsprfungsunternehmens prognostiziert allein fr den Bereich der Belletristik, bezogen auf E Books, fr das Jahr 2.Jahresumsatz von ber 3.Millionen Euro in Deutschland, was einem Anteil von 6,3 Prozent entsprche. |
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